前言

有多种方法可以在代码中定义颜色。最常用的方法是指定三种基色的值 - 红色、绿色和蓝色 (RGB)。本文通过指定色调、饱和度和亮度 (HSB) 的值来探索替代机制的使用。可以以更直观的方式使用 HSB 属性来创建颜色搭配良好的调色板。
网上有很多关于颜色的资源,我发现 Jonathan 的 Learn about Hue, Saturation and Brightness colours[1] 以及 Erik Kennedy 的 The HSB Color System: A Practitioner's Primer[2] 特别有用。
RGB 颜色
RGB 颜色 (红色、绿色 & 蓝色)
定义颜色的最常见方法是指定颜色的红色、绿色和蓝色属性。每个属性可以是 0 到 255 之间的十进制值,但通常以十六进制格式给出,因此颜色可以用 6 个字符表示。Mac 上的 数码测色计 可用于检查屏幕上的任何区域并给出所选颜色的 RGB 值。可以在 SwiftUI 中创建一个调色板以显示可能的颜色。
struct RgbColorPaletteView: View {
    var body: some View {
        VStack(spacing:5) {
            VStack {
                HStack {
                    Text("Red")
                        .frame(width: cellWidth)
                    Text("Green")
                        .frame(width: cellWidth * 11.0)
                    Text("Blue")
                        .frame(width: cellWidth)
                    Spacer()
                }
                HStack(spacing:1) {
                    Spacer()
                        .frame(width:cellWidth)
                    ForEach([0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0], id: \.self) { myGreen in
                        Text("\(myGreen, specifier: "%0.1F")")
                            .font(.footnote)
                            .multilineTextAlignment(.center)
                            .frame(width:cellWidth)
                    }
                    Spacer()
                }
            }
                
            ForEach([0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0], id: \.self) { myRed in
                HStack(spacing:1) {
                    Text("\(myRed, specifier: "%0.1F")")
                        .frame(width:cellWidth)
                    ForEach([0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0], id: \.self) { myGreen in
                        HStack {
                            VStack(spacing:1) {
                                ForEach([0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0], id: \.self) { myBlue in
                                    Color(red: myRed, green: myGreen, blue: myBlue)
                                }
                                .frame(width:cellWidth)
                            }
                        }
                    }
                    VStack(spacing:13) {
                        Text(myRed == 0.0 ? "0.0" : "")
                        Image(systemName: "arrow.down")
                            .foregroundColor(myRed == 0.0 ? Color.black : .clear)
                        Text(myRed == 0.0 ? "1.0" : "")
                    }
                    .font(.footnote)
                    .frame(width:cellWidth * 0.7)
                    Spacer()
                }
            }
            Spacer()
        }
        .padding()
    }
    
    let cellWidth: CGFloat = 100
}
HSB 颜色
HSB 颜色(色调、饱和度 & 亮度)
HSB 颜色模型被认为更符合我们对颜色的看法。下面是通过改变色调、饱和度和亮度的值来显示调色板的代码。请注意,色相(Hue) 通常被赋予一个以角度为单位的值,表示色环周围的角度,值在 0 到 360 之间,SwiftUI 使用 0.0 到 1.0 之间的值,其中 1.0 表示 360 度。
struct HsbColorPaletteView: View {
    var body: some View {
        VStack(spacing:5) {
            VStack {
                HStack {
                    Text("Hue")
                        .frame(width: cellWidth)
                    Text("Saturation")
                        .frame(width: cellWidth * 11.0)
                    Text("Brightness")
                        .frame(width: cellWidth)
                    Spacer()
                }
                HStack(spacing:1) {
                    Spacer()
                        .frame(width:cellWidth)
                    ForEach([0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0], id: \.self) { mySat in
                        Text("\(mySat, specifier: "%0.1F")")
                            .font(.footnote)
                            .multilineTextAlignment(.center)
                            .frame(width:cellWidth)
                    }
                    Spacer()
                }
            }
                
            ForEach([0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0], id: \.self) { myHue in
                HStack(spacing:1) {
                    Text("\(myHue, specifier: "%0.1F")")
                        .frame(width:cellWidth)
                    ForEach([0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0], id: \.self) { mySat in
                        HStack {
                            VStack(spacing:1) {
                                //ForEach([1.0, 0.9, 0.8, 0.7, 0.6, 0.5, 0.4, 0.3, 0.2, 0.1, 0.0], id: \.self) { myBright in
                                ForEach([1.0, 0.9, 0.8, 0.7, 0.6, 0.5], id: \.self) { myBright in
                                    Color(hue: myHue,
                                          saturation: mySat,
                                          brightness: myBright)
                                }
                                .frame(width:cellWidth)
                            }
                        }
                    }
                    VStack(spacing:13) {
                        Text(myHue == 0.0 ? "1.0" : "")
                        Image(systemName: "arrow.down")
                            .foregroundColor(myHue == 0.0 ? Color.black : .clear)
                        Text(myHue == 0.0 ? "0.5" : "")
                    }
                    .font(.footnote)
                    .frame(width:cellWidth * 0.5)
                    Spacer()
                }
            }
            Spacer()
        }
        .padding()
    }
    
    let cellWidth: CGFloat = 100
}
色调、饱和度和亮度
色调:通过彩虹的颜色代表从红色到紫色的基色。
饱和度:表示颜色的强度。当亮度为 1.0 时,无论指定的色调如何,饱和度值为 0 都将是白色。
亮度:表示颜色的亮度或明度。无论指定的色调如何,亮度为 0 都将是黑色。
下图显示了一个个第一行基于色调增加的不同颜色,第二行和第三行具有相同的色调,分别显示增加饱和度和亮度的效果。可以通过将饱和度保持为 0 并调整亮度来定义灰度颜色。
struct ChangeHsbView: View {
    var body: some View {
        ZStack {
            Color(hue: 0.58, saturation: 0.17, brightness: 1.0)
                .edgesIgnoringSafeArea(.all)
            
            VStack() {
                VStack {
                    Text("Colors defined with")
                    Text("Hue, Saturation & Brightness")
                }
                .font(.title)
                .fontWeight(.bold)
                
                HueView()
                    .frame(height:200)
                
                SatView()
                    .frame(height:200)
                
                BrightView()
                    .frame(height:200)
                
                
                Spacer()
            }
            .padding(.horizontal, 150)
        }
    }
}
struct HueView: View {
    var body: some View {
        VStack(alignment: .leading) {
            Text("1. Hue changes the Color")
                .font(.title2)
            HStack {
                ForEach([0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0], id: \.self) { myHue in
                    VStack {
                        RoundedRectangle(cornerRadius: 20)
                            .fill(Color(hue: myHue, saturation: 1.0, brightness: 1.0))
                            .shadow(radius: 3, x:5, y:5)
                        Text("H: \(myHue, specifier: "%0.2F")")
                            .foregroundColor(.red)
                        Text("S: 1.00")
                        Text("B: 1.00")
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        .padding(.vertical, 20)
    }
}
struct SatView: View {
    var body: some View {
        VStack(alignment: .leading) {
            Text("2. Saturation changes color Intensity")
                .font(.title2)
            
            HStack {
                ForEach([0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0], id: \.self) { mySat in
                    VStack {
                        RoundedRectangle(cornerRadius: 20)
                            .fill(Color(hue: 0.75, saturation: mySat, brightness: 1.0))
                            .shadow(radius: 3, x:5, y:5)
                        Text("H: 0.75")
                        Text("S: \(mySat, specifier: "%0.2F")")
                            .foregroundColor(.red)
                        Text("B: 1.00")
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        .padding(.vertical, 20)
    }
}
struct BrightView: View {
    var body: some View {
        VStack(alignment: .leading) {
            Text("3. Brightness changes whiteness")
                .font(.title2)
            
            HStack {
                ForEach([0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0], id: \.self) { myBright in
                    VStack {
                        RoundedRectangle(cornerRadius: 20)
                            .fill(Color(hue: 0.75, saturation: 1.00, brightness: myBright))
                            .shadow(radius: 3, x:5, y:5)
                        Text("H: 0.75")
                        Text("S: 1.00")
                        Text("B: \(myBright, specifier: "%0.2F")")
                            .foregroundColor(.red)
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        .padding(.vertical, 20)
    }
}
在 HSB 颜色模型中,色调表示基色,可以通过围绕色环的角度(以度为单位)来指定,其中红色位于顶部,颜色沿顺时针方向跟随彩虹的颜色。SwiftUI 使用 0 到 1 之间的值来表示从 0 到 360 度的色调值。以下代码在类似于在在 SwiftUI 中创建一个环形 Slider中的环形 Slider 用于显示色调选项。移动滑块可选择色调,所选色调会显示不同的饱和度和亮度值。
struct ColorWheelView: View {
    @State private var hue: Double = 180.0
        
    var body: some View {
        ZStack {
            Color(hue: 0.58, saturation: 0.17, brightness: 1.0)
                    .edgesIgnoringSafeArea(.all)
            
            VStack(spacing: 40) {
                VStack(spacing: 5) {
                    Text("Select Hue")
                        .font(.system(size: 40, weight: .bold, design:.rounded))
                    HStack {
                        CircularSliderView(value: $hue, in: 0...360)
                            .frame(width: 300, height: 300)
                    }
                }
                
                VStack(spacing: 5) {
                    Text("Selected Hue with decreasing Saturation")
                        .font(.system(size: 40, weight: .bold, design:.rounded))
                    HStack() {
                        ForEach([1.0, 0.9, 0.8, 0.7, 0.6, 0.5, 0.4, 0.3, 0.2, 0.1, 0.0], id: \.self) { mySat in
                            VStack {
                                RoundedRectangle(cornerRadius: 10)
                                    .fill(Color(hue: hue/360,
                                                saturation: mySat,
                                                brightness: 1.0))
                                    .frame(height:100)
                                    .overlay {
                                        Text("\(mySat, specifier: "%0.1F")")
                                            .font(.system(size: 30))
                                }
                                Text("H: \(hue/360, specifier: "%0.2F")")
                                Text("S: \(mySat, specifier: "%0.2F")")
                                Text("B: 1.00")
                            }
                        }
                    }
                    .padding(.horizontal, 100)
                }
                            
                VStack(spacing: 5) {
                    Text("Selected Hue with decreasing Brightness")
                        .font(.system(size: 40, weight: .bold, design:.rounded))
                    HStack() {
                        ForEach([1.0, 0.9, 0.8, 0.7, 0.6, 0.5, 0.4, 0.3, 0.2, 0.1, 0.0], id: \.self) { myBright in
                            VStack {
                                RoundedRectangle(cornerRadius: 10)
                                    .fill(Color(hue: hue/360,
                                                saturation: 1.0,
                                                brightness: myBright))
                                    .frame(height:100)
                                    .overlay {
                                        Text("\(myBright, specifier: "%0.1F")")
                                            .font(.system(size: 30))
                                            .foregroundColor(myBright > 0.5 ? Color.black : .white)
                                }
                                Text("H: \(hue/360, specifier: "%0.2F")")
                                Text("S: 1.00")
                                Text("B: \(myBright, specifier: "%0.2F")")
                            }
                        }
                    }
                    .padding(.horizontal, 100)
                }
                
                Spacer()
            }
        }
    }
}
struct CircularSliderView: View {
    @Binding var progress: Double
    
    @State private var rotationAngle = Angle(degrees: 0)
    private var minValue = 0.0
    private var maxValue = 1.0
    
    init(value progress: Binding, in bounds: ClosedRange = 0...1) {
        self._progress = progress
        
        self.minValue = Double(bounds.first ?? 0)
        self.maxValue = Double(bounds.last ?? 1)
        self.rotationAngle = Angle(degrees: progressFraction * 360.0)
    }
    
    var body: some View {
        GeometryReader { gr in
            let radius = (min(gr.size.width, gr.size.height) / 2.0) * 0.9
            let sliderWidth = radius * 0.3
            
            VStack(spacing:0) {
                ZStack {
                    Circle()
                        .strokeBorder(hueAngularGradient,
                                      style: StrokeStyle(lineWidth: sliderWidth))
                        .rotationEffect(Angle(degrees: -90))
                        .overlay() {
                            Text("\(progress, specifier: "%.0f")")
                                .font(.system(size: radius * 0.5, weight: .bold, design:.rounded))
                        }
                    Circle()
                        .fill(Color.white)
                        .shadow(radius: (sliderWidth * 0.3))
                        .frame(width: sliderWidth, height: sliderWidth)
                        .offset(y: -(radius - (sliderWidth * 0.5)))
                        .rotationEffect(rotationAngle)
                        .gesture(
                            DragGesture(minimumDistance: 0.0)
                                .onChanged() { value in
                                    changeAngle(location: value.location)
                                }
                        )
                }
                .frame(width: radius * 2.0, height: radius * 2.0, alignment: .center)
                .padding(radius * 0.1)
            }
            .onAppear {
                self.rotationAngle = Angle(degrees: progressFraction * 360.0)
            }
        }
    }
    
    private var progressFraction: Double {
        return ((progress - minValue) / (maxValue - minValue))
    }
    
    private func changeAngle(location: CGPoint) {
        // Create a Vector for the location (reversing the y-coordinate system on iOS)
        let vector = CGVector(dx: location.x, dy: -location.y)
        
        // Calculate the angle of the vector
        let angleRadians = atan2(vector.dx, vector.dy)
        
        // Convert the angle to a range from 0 to 360 (rather than having negative angles)
        let positiveAngle = angleRadians < 0.0 ? angleRadians + (2.0 * .pi) : angleRadians
        
        // Update slider progress value based on angle
        progress = ((positiveAngle / (2.0 * .pi)) * (maxValue - minValue)) + minValue
        rotationAngle = Angle(radians: positiveAngle)
    }
    
    let hueAngularGradient = AngularGradient(
        gradient: Gradient(colors: [
            Color(hue: 0.0, saturation: 1.0, brightness: 1.0),
            Color(hue: 0.1, saturation: 1.0, brightness: 1.0),
            Color(hue: 0.2, saturation: 1.0, brightness: 1.0),
            Color(hue: 0.3, saturation: 1.0, brightness: 1.0),
            Color(hue: 0.4, saturation: 1.0, brightness: 1.0),
            Color(hue: 0.5, saturation: 1.0, brightness: 1.0),
            Color(hue: 0.6, saturation: 1.0, brightness: 1.0),
            Color(hue: 0.7            
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