1. 什么是Hook

公司主营业务:成都网站建设、网站制作、移动网站开发等业务。帮助企业客户真正实现互联网宣传,提高企业的竞争能力。成都创新互联公司是一支青春激扬、勤奋敬业、活力青春激扬、勤奋敬业、活力澎湃、和谐高效的团队。公司秉承以“开放、自由、严谨、自律”为核心的企业文化,感谢他们对我们的高要求,感谢他们从不同领域给我们带来的挑战,让我们激情的团队有机会用头脑与智慧不断的给客户带来惊喜。成都创新互联公司推出颍泉免费做网站回馈大家。
经常会听到钩子函数(hook function)这个概念,最近在看目标检测开源框架mmdetection,里面也出现大量Hook的编程方式,那到底什么是hook?hook的作用是什么?
从上面可知
本文用python来解释hook的实现方式,并展示在开源项目中hook的应用案例。hook函数和我们常听到另外一个名称:回调函数(callback function)功能是类似的,可以按照同种模式来理解。
2. hook实现例子
据我所知,hook函数最常使用在某种流程处理当中。这个流程往往有很多步骤。hook函数常常挂载在这些步骤中,为增加额外的一些操作,提供灵活性。
下面举一个简单的例子,这个例子的目的是实现一个通用往队列中插入内容的功能。流程步骤有2个
- class ContentStash(object):
 - """
 - content stash for online operation
 - pipeline is
 - 1. input_filter: filter some contents, no use to user
 - 2. insert_queue(redis or other broker): insert useful content to queue
 - """
 - def __init__(self):
 - self.input_filter_fn = None
 - self.broker = []
 - def register_input_filter_hook(self, input_filter_fn):
 - """
 - register input filter function, parameter is content dict
 - Args:
 - input_filter_fn: input filter function
 - Returns:
 - """
 - self.input_filter_fn = input_filter_fn
 - def insert_queue(self, content):
 - """
 - insert content to queue
 - Args:
 - content: dict
 - Returns:
 - """
 - self.broker.append(content)
 - def input_pipeline(self, content, use=False):
 - """
 - pipeline of input for content stash
 - Args:
 - use: is use, defaul False
 - content: dict
 - Returns:
 - """
 - if not use:
 - return
 - # input filter
 - if self.input_filter_fn:
 - _filter = self.input_filter_fn(content)
 - # insert to queue
 - if not _filter:
 - self.insert_queue(content)
 - # test
 - ## 实现一个你所需要的钩子实现:比如如果content 包含time就过滤掉,否则插入队列
 - def input_filter_hook(content):
 - """
 - test input filter hook
 - Args:
 - content: dict
 - Returns: None or content
 - """
 - if content.get('time') is None:
 - return
 - else:
 - return content
 - # 原有程序
 - content = {'filename': 'test.jpg', 'b64_file': "#test", 'data': {"result": "cat", "probility": 0.9}}
 - content_stash = ContentStash('audit', work_dir='')
 - # 挂上钩子函数, 可以有各种不同钩子函数的实现,但是要主要函数输入输出必须保持原有程序中一致,比如这里是content
 - content_stash.register_input_filter_hook(input_filter_hook)
 - # 执行流程
 - content_stash.input_pipeline(content)
 
3. hook在开源框架中的应用
3.1 keras
在深度学习训练流程中,hook函数体现的淋漓尽致。
一个训练过程(不包括数据准备),会轮询多次训练集,每次称为一个epoch,每个epoch又分为多个batch来训练。流程先后拆解成:
这些步骤是穿插在训练一个batch数据的过程中,这些可以理解成是钩子函数,我们可能需要在这些钩子函数中实现一些定制化的东西,比如在训练一个epoch后我们要保存下训练的模型,在结束训练时用最好的模型执行下测试集的效果等等。
keras中是通过各种回调函数来实现钩子hook功能的。这里放一个callback的父类,定制时只要继承这个父类,实现你过关注的钩子就可以了。
- @keras_export('keras.callbacks.Callback')
 - class Callback(object):
 - """Abstract base class used to build new callbacks.
 - Attributes:
 - params: Dict. Training parameters
 - (eg. verbosity, batch size, number of epochs...).
 - model: Instance of `keras.models.Model`.
 - Reference of the model being trained.
 - The `logs` dictionary that callback methods
 - take as argument will contain keys for quantities relevant to
 - the current batch or epoch (see method-specific docstrings).
 - """
 - def __init__(self):
 - self.validation_data = None # pylint: disable=g-missing-from-attributes
 - self.model = None
 - # Whether this Callback should only run on the chief worker in a
 - # Multi-Worker setting.
 - # TODO(omalleyt): Make this attr public once solution is stable.
 - self._chief_worker_only = None
 - self._supports_tf_logs = False
 - def set_params(self, params):
 - self.params = params
 - def set_model(self, model):
 - self.model = model
 - @doc_controls.for_subclass_implementers
 - @generic_utils.default
 - def on_batch_begin(self, batch, logs=None):
 - """A backwards compatibility alias for `on_train_batch_begin`."""
 - @doc_controls.for_subclass_implementers
 - @generic_utils.default
 - def on_batch_end(self, batch, logs=None):
 - """A backwards compatibility alias for `on_train_batch_end`."""
 - @doc_controls.for_subclass_implementers
 - def on_epoch_begin(self, epoch, logs=None):
 - """Called at the start of an epoch.
 - Subclasses should override for any actions to run. This function should only
 - be called during TRAIN mode.
 - Arguments:
 - epoch: Integer, index of epoch.
 - logs: Dict. Currently no data is passed to this argument for this method
 - but that may change in the future.
 - """
 - @doc_controls.for_subclass_implementers
 - def on_epoch_end(self, epoch, logs=None):
 - """Called at the end of an epoch.
 - Subclasses should override for any actions to run. This function should only
 - be called during TRAIN mode.
 - Arguments:
 - epoch: Integer, index of epoch.
 - logs: Dict, metric results for this training epoch, and for the
 - validation epoch if validation is performed. Validation result keys
 - are prefixed with `val_`.
 - """
 - @doc_controls.for_subclass_implementers
 - @generic_utils.default
 - def on_train_batch_begin(self, batch, logs=None):
 - """Called at the beginning of a training batch in `fit` methods.
 - Subclasses should override for any actions to run.
 - Arguments:
 - batch: Integer, index of batch within the current epoch.
 - logs: Dict, contains the return value of `model.train_step`. Typically,
 - the values of the `Model`'s metrics are returned. Example:
 - `{'loss': 0.2, 'accuracy': 0.7}`.
 - """
 - # For backwards compatibility.
 - self.on_batch_begin(batch, logslogs=logs)
 - @doc_controls.for_subclass_implementers
 - @generic_utils.default
 - def on_train_batch_end(self, batch, logs=None):
 - """Called at the end of a training batch in `fit` methods.
 - Subclasses should override for any actions to run.
 - Arguments:
 - batch: Integer, index of batch within the current epoch.
 - logs: Dict. Aggregated metric results up until this batch.
 - """
 - # For backwards compatibility.
 - self.on_batch_end(batch, logslogs=logs)
 - @doc_controls.for_subclass_implementers
 - @generic_utils.default
 - def on_test_batch_begin(self, batch, logs=None):
 - """Called at the beginning of a batch in `evaluate` methods.
 - Also called at the beginning of a validation batch in the `fit`
 - methods, if validation data is provided.
 - Subclasses should override for any actions to run.
 - Arguments:
 - batch: Integer, index of batch within the current epoch.
 - logs: Dict, contains the return value of `model.test_step`. Typically,
 - the values of the `Model`'s metrics are returned. Example:
 - `{'loss': 0.2, 'accuracy': 0.7}`.
 - """
 - @doc_controls.for_subclass_implementers
 - @generic_utils.default
 - def on_test_batch_end(self, batch, logs=None):
 - """Called at the end of a batch in `evaluate` methods.
 - Also called at the end of a validation batch in the `fit`
 - methods, if validation data is provided.
 - Subclasses should override for any actions to run.
 - Arguments:
 - batch: Integer, index of batch within the current epoch.
 - logs: Dict. Aggregated metric results up until this batch.
 - """
 - @doc_controls.for_subclass_implementers
 - @generic_utils.default
 - def on_predict_batch_begin(self, batch, logs=None):
 - """Called at the beginning of a batch in `predict` methods.
 - Subclasses should override for any actions to run.
 - Arguments:
 - batch: Integer, index of batch within the current epoch.
 - logs: Dict, contains the return value of `model.predict_step`,
 - it typically returns a dict with a key 'outputs' containing
 - the model's outputs.
 - """
 - @doc_controls.for_subclass_implementers
 - @generic_utils.default
 - def on_predict_batch_end(self, batch, logs=None):
 - """Called at the end of a batch in `predict` methods.
 - Subclasses should override for any actions to run.
 - Arguments:
 - batch: Integer, index of batch within the current epoch.
 - logs: Dict. Aggregated metric results up until this batch.
 - """
 - @doc_controls.for_subclass_implementers
 - def on_train_begin(self, logs=None):
 - """Called at the beginning of training.
 - Subclasses should override for any actions to run.
 - Arguments:
 - logs: Dict. Currently no data is passed to this argument for this method
 - but that may change in the future.
 - """
 - @doc_controls.for_subclass_implementers
 - def on_train_end(self, logs=None):
 - """Called at the end of training.
 - Subclasses should override for any actions to run.
 - Arguments:
 - logs: Dict. Currently the output of the last call to `on_epoch_end()`
 - is passed to this argument for this method but that may change in
 - the future.
 - """
 - @doc_controls.for_subclass_implementers
 - def on_test_begin(self, logs=None):
 - """Called at the beginning of evaluation or validation.
 - Subclasses should override for any actions to run.
 - Arguments:
 - logs: Dict. Currently no data is passed to this argument for this method
 - but that may change in the future.
 - """
 - @doc_controls.for_subclass_implementers
 - def on_test_end(self, logs=None):
 - """Called at the end of evaluation or validation.
 - Subclasses should override for any actions to run.
 - Arguments:
 - logs: Dict. Currently the output of the last call to
 - `on_test_batch_end()` is passed to this argument for this method
 - but that may change in the future.
 - """
 - @doc_controls.for_subclass_implementers
 - def on_predict_begin(self, logs=None):
 - """Called at the beginning of prediction.
 - Subclasses should override for any actions to run.
 - Arguments:
 - logs: Dict. Currently no data is passed to this argument for this method
 - but that may change in the future.
 - """
 - @doc_controls.for_subclass_implementers
 - def on_predict_end(self, logs=None):
 - """Called at the end of prediction.
 - Subclasses should override for any actions to run.
 - Arguments:
 - logs: Dict. Currently no data is passed to this argument for this method
 - but that may change in the future.
 - """
 - def _implements_train_batch_hooks(self):
 - """Determines if this Callback should be called for each train batch."""
 - return (not generic_utils.is_default(self.on_batch_begin) or
 - not generic_utils.is_default(self.on_batch_end) or
 - not generic_utils.is_default(self.on_train_batch_begin) or
 - not generic_utils.is_default(self.on_train_batch_end))
 
这些钩子的原始程序是在模型训练流程中的
keras源码位置: tensorflow\python\keras\engine\training.py
部分摘录如下(## I am hook):
- # Container that configures and calls `tf.keras.Callback`s.
 - if not isinstance(callbacks, callbacks_module.CallbackList):
 - callbacks = callbacks_module.CallbackList(
 - callbacks,
 - add_history=True,
 - add_progbar=verbose != 0,
 - model=self,
 - verboseverbose=verbose,
 - epochsepochs=epochs,
 - steps=data_handler.inferred_steps)
 - ## I am hook
 - callbacks.on_train_begin()
 - training_logs = None
 - # Handle fault-tolerance for multi-worker.
 - # TODO(omalleyt): Fix the ordering issues that mean this has to
 - # happen after `callbacks.on_train_begin`.
 - data_handler._initial_epoch = ( # pylint: disable=protected-access
 - self._maybe_load_initial_epoch_from_ckpt(initial_epoch))
 - for epoch, iterator in data_handler.enumerate_epochs():
 - self.reset_metrics()
 - callbacks.on_epoch_begin(epoch)
 - with data_handler.catch_stop_iteration():
 - for step in data_handler.steps():
 - with trace.Trace(
 - 'TraceContext',
 - graph_type='train',
 - epochepoch_num=epoch,
 - stepstep_num=step,
 - batch_sizebatch_size=batch_size):
 - ## I am hook
 - callbacks.on_train_batch_begin(step)
 - tmp_logs = train_function(iterator)
 - if data_handler.should_sync:
 - context.async_wait()
 - logs = tmp_logs # No error, now safe to assign to logs.
 - end_step = step + data_handler.step_increment
 - callbacks.on_train_batch_end(end_step, logs)
 - epoch_logs = copy.copy(logs)
 - # Run validation.
 - ## I am hook
 - callbacks.on_epoch_end(epoch, epoch_logs)
 
3.2 mmdetection
mmdetection是一个目标检测的开源框架,集成了许多不同的目标检测深度学习算法(pytorch版),如faster-rcnn, fpn, retianet等。里面也大量使用了hook,暴露给应用实现流程中具体部分。
详见https://github.com/open-mmlab/mmdetection
这里看一个训练的调用例子(摘录)(https://github.com/open-mmlab/mmdetection/blob/5d592154cca589c5113e8aadc8798bbc73630d98/mmdet/apis/train.py)
- def train_detector(model,
 - dataset,
 - cfg,
 - distributed=False,
 - validate=False,
 - timestamp=None,
 - meta=None):
 - logger = get_root_logger(cfg.log_level)
 - # prepare data loaders
 - # put model on gpus
 - # build runner
 - optimizer = build_optimizer(model, cfg.optimizer)
 - runner = EpochBasedRunner(
 - model,
 - optimizeroptimizer=optimizer,
 - work_dir=cfg.work_dir,
 - loggerlogger=logger,
 - metameta=meta)
 - # an ugly workaround to make .log and .log.json filenames the same
 - runner.timestamp = timestamp
 - # fp16 setting
 - # register hooks
 - runner.register_training_hooks(cfg.lr_config, optimizer_config,
 - cfg.checkpoint_config, cfg.log_config,
 - cfg.get('momentum_config', None))
 - if distributed:
 - runner.register_hook(DistSamplerSeedHook())
 - # register eval hooks
 - if validate:
 - # Support batch_size > 1 in validation
 - eval_cfg = cfg.get('evaluation', {})
 - eval_hook = DistEvalHook if distributed else EvalHook
 - runner.register_hook(eval_hook(val_dataloader, **eval_cfg))
 - # user-defined hooks
 - if cfg.get('custom_hooks', None):
 - custom_hooks = cfg.custom_hooks
 - assert isinstance(custom_hooks, list), \
 - f'custom_hooks expect list type, but got {type(custom_hooks)}'
 - for hook_cfg in cfg.custom_hooks:
 - assert isinstance(hook_cfg, dict), \
 - 'Each item in custom_hooks expects dict type, but got ' \
 - f'{type(hook_cfg)}'
 - hook_cfghook_cfg = hook_cfg.copy()
 - priority = hook_cfg.pop('priority', 'NORMAL')
 - hook = build_from_cfg(hook_cfg, HOOKS)
 - runner.register_hook(hook, prioritypriority=priority)
 
4. 总结
本文介绍了hook的概念和应用,并给出了python的实现细则。希望对比有帮助。总结如下:
                名称栏目:5分钟掌握Python中的Hook钩子函数
                
                URL网址:http://www.csdahua.cn/qtweb/news22/96422.html
            
网站建设、网络推广公司-快上网,是专注品牌与效果的网站制作,网络营销seo公司;服务项目有等
声明:本网站发布的内容(图片、视频和文字)以用户投稿、用户转载内容为主,如果涉及侵权请尽快告知,我们将会在第一时间删除。文章观点不代表本网站立场,如需处理请联系客服。电话:028-86922220;邮箱:631063699@qq.com。内容未经允许不得转载,或转载时需注明来源: 快上网